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| Officer Training School |
Officer Training SchoolThe Officer Training School is a training program for non-commissioned officers and recent college graduates of the United States Air Force to acquire commissions as officers. The school is an equivalent to the Officer Candidate School of other services and is located in Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.
Overview of Training
OTS consists of a twelve week training course that builds military leadership skills to prepare trainees to lead enlisted personnel. Areas of instruction include military customs and courtesies, military history, leadership, officership, field exercises, drill and marching, and small arms training.
One thing that sets OTS apart from enlisted basic training is that officer trainees are allowed to leave during their training. The first six weeks of training are more intense and are intended to weed out the trainees that either do not want to be there or do not belong there. During these six weeks a trainee is called an underclassman.
The final six weeks of training are less rigorous, as the upperclassmen trainees take on the role of leaders and mentors for a new group of underclassmen. During the final weeks of training the trainees attend field exercises complete with living in a tent city, obstacle courses, small arms training, and building team skills by overcoming challenges in a simulated deployment environment.
Graduation
Upon graduation from OTS, the trainees are commissioned as second lieutenants. From here one may move to one's new duty station, attend the Air and Space Basic Course (ASBC), pilot training, or another form of job-related technical training.
External link
[http://ots.afoats.af.mil/ OTS Home Page]
Category:Military education and training in the United States
Category:United States Air Force
Non-commissioned officerA non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer), also known as an NCO or noncom, is a non-commissioned member of an armed force who has been given authority by a commissioned officer.
The non-commissioned officer corps is the junior management of the military. An experienced NCO corps is a key component of Western armies: in many cases NCOs are credited as being the metaphorical "backbone" of their service. By contrast, the weak NCO corps of the modern-day Russian armed forces, and those modelled after it, is widely blamed for the general ineffectiveness of those militaries. The Russian Federation has recently recognized this problem and plans to develop a fully professional NCO corps.
Typically NCOs serve as administrative personnel, as advisors to the officer corps, and as both supervisors of, and advocates for, the lower-ranking enlisted personnel.
The NCO corps includes all the grades of sergeant and, in some militaries, corporals and warrant officers. The naval equivalent includes some or all grades of petty officer, although not all navies class their petty officers as NCOs.
Some have compared the centurions of the Roman Army with modern NCOs. At some levels this comparison may be apt, but a Roman centurion was responsible for between 60 and 1,200 men, making him much more comparable to an officer. The Roman decurion held a small-team leadership position similar to that of a junior NCO.
Canada
In the Canadian Forces, the Queen's Regulations and Orders defines a non-commissioned officer as:
"A Canadian Forces member holding the rank of Sergeant or Corporal." QR&O 1.02 [http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/qr_o/vol1/ch001_e.asp#1.02]
By definition, with the unification of the CF into one service, the rank of Sergeant includes the naval rank of Petty Officer 2nd Class, and Corporal includes the Naval rank of Leading Seaman; Corporal also includes the appointment of Master Corporal (Naval Master Seaman).
NCOs are officially divided into two categories: junior non-commissioned officers (Jr NCOs), consisting of Corporals/Leading Seamen and Master Corporals/Master Seamen; and senior non-commissioned officers (Sr NCOs), consisting of Sergeants and Petty Officers 2nd Class. In the Canadian Navy, however, the accepted definition of "NCO" reflects the international use of the term (i.e. all grades of Petty Officer).
As a group, NCOs rank above Privates and below Warrant Officers.
United Kingdom
In the British Armed Forces, NCOs are divided into two categories. Lance corporals, corporals and lance sergeants are Junior NCOs (JNCOs). Sergeants, staff sergeants, colour sergeants, and (in the Royal Air Force) chief technicians and flight sergeants, are Senior NCOs (SNCOs).
Warrant officers are often included in the SNCO category, but actually form a separate class of their own. SNCOs and WOs have their own messes, which are similar to officers' messes (and are usually known as Sergeants' Messes), whereas JNCOs live and eat with the unranked personnel.
The Royal Navy does not refer to its petty officers and warrant officers as NCOs, but calls them Senior Ratings (or Senior Rates). Leading ratings and below are Junior Ratings.
Related abbreviations
- NCOA - Noncommissioned Officers Association (US)
- NCOER - Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Report (US)
- NCOIC - Noncommissioned Officer In Charge (US/UK/Canada)
- NCOWC - Noncommissioned Officers' Wives Club (US)
See also
- Military ranks
- Comparative military ranks
-
Category:Military life
CommissionIn law a commission is a patent which allows a person to take possession of a state office and carry out official acts and duties. Although the term commissioned officer is a military term, civilian officers of the government such as judges, justices of the peace, marshals, and cabinet ministers also are commissioned, as well as many others.
A commission does not appoint a person to an office. The appointment occurs before the granting of the commission itself; however, the commission is necessary for the person to exercise the office. This is best illustrated in the landmark Marbury v. Madison of the United States Supreme Court, which made a distinction between the appointment of a person to an office and the actual assumption of the office. The first occurs once the appointing officer, in this case the President of the United States, makes the appointing act, and the second occurs upon reception of the commission.
In the United Kingdom, to put an office in commission means to take an office normally held by one person, such as Lord High Treasurer, and assign it to a board of commissioners. The office of First Lord of the Treasury is actually the most senior commissioner sharing the post of Lord High Treasurer.
A commission may also be the entire government agency that operates under the authority of a government officer.
A commission is also a fee or allowance given to a sales person, affiliate, realtor, stockbroker or agent in exchange for services rendered, often some percentage of the sales s/he is responsible for.
A commission can also be a request to create a work, whether of commerce or art: a patron may commission a sculptor to create a specific work, or a corporation may commission a survey by a consulting firm which does such work.
See also
- writ
- warrant (legal)
- warrant officer
- Royal Commission
- Irish Land Commission
- U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Category: Public law
Category:Legal terms
Officer (armed forces)In military organizations, an officer is a member of the service who holds a position of responsibility. Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and responsibilities of a specific office or position. Commissioned officers are typically the only persons in a military able to exercise command (according to the most technical definition of the word) over a military unit. Non-commissioned officers in positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than command per se, although the use of the word command to describe any use of authority is widespread and often official.
Having officers is one requirement for combatant status under the laws of war, though these officers need not have obtained an official commission or warrant. In such case, those persons holding offices of responsibility within the organization are deemed to be the officers, and the presence of these officers connotes a level of organization sufficient to designate a group as being combatant.
Commissioned officers
Commissioned officers generally receive training as leadership and management generalists, in addition to training relating to their specific trade or function in the military. Most developed nations have set the goal of having their officer corps university-educated, though exceptions exist to accommodate officers who have risen from the non-commissioned ranks. By contrast, non-commissioned members tend to receive relatively little training prior to the commencement of their active service in the military and much of their training is done on-the-job. Education standards for non-commissioned members are typically lower than for officers (with the exception of highly technical trades) and members only receive leadership training as they are promoted to positions of responsibility. In the past (and in some countries today, to a lesser extent) non-commissioned members were almost exclusively conscripts, whereas officers were volunteers.
Subordinate officers
In many armed forces, a further category of officers under training known as subordinate officers may also exist. Subordinate officers, though not yet commissioned, are accorded many of the privileges of commissioned officers.
Non-commissioned and warrant officers
A non-commissioned officer is a military member holding a position of authority who has obtained it by promotion from within the enlisted ranks. They will have received some leadership training, but their function is to serve as leaders within their area of trade speciality and they are not generally considered management generalists.
In some branches of some militaries there exists a third grade of officer known as a Warrant Officer. A Warrant Officer may be simply a high-ranking non-commissioned officer whose position has been affirmed by warrant from the bureaucracy directing the force, or may be a separate grade altogether, sometimes actually holding a commission (known as a "Commissioned Warrant Officer").
Officer ranks and accommodation
Officers, non-commissioned officers, and junior ranks in almost every country of the world are segregated along the lines of the Prussian system of messing, where eating facilities, accommodation, and social facilities are kept separate to ensure relations between various ranks stay strictly professional.
See also
- Comparative military ranks
- Exchange officer
External links
- [http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/officers.html U.S. DoD Officer Rank Insignia]
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ja:士官
Officer Candidate SchoolIn the United States armed forces, Officer Candidate School (OCS) or the equivalent is a training program for non-commissioned officers, soldiers, Sailors, Marines, Airmen and recent college graduates to earn commissions as officers. The courses generally last from ten to fourteen weeks and include classroom instruction in military subjects, physical training, and leadership preparation.
People may earn a commission in the United States armed forces through OCS or OTS, by staff appointment, through ROTC, or through one of the four military academies.
The Officer Candidates School of the United States Marine Corps, the initial training of Marine officers, is at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. Most Marine Officers are initially trained at OCS, with the exception of those that come from the Naval Academy. Entrance to OCS is obtained through the Platoon Leaders Class and Officer Candidates Class programs. NROTC midshipmen also attend for one six-week session prior to commissioning.
The Officer Candidates School of the United States Navy is in NAS Pensacola, Florida.
The Officer Candidates School of the United States Army is at Fort Benning, Georgia.
The Officer Training School of the United States Air Force is at Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
Category:Military education and training in the United States
Maxwell Air Force BaseMaxwell Air Force Base (offically known as Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base) is a United States Air Force facility near Montgomery, Alabama. It is the headquarters for Air University, a major component of Air Education and Training Command and is the Air Force’s center for Professional Military Education (PME). The host unit is the 42d Air Base Wing.
Maxwell AFB currently hosts Air Force Officer Training School, one of the USAF commissioning sources. As of 2005, the base is one of three which hosts ROTC summer field training encampments.
The Civil Air Patrol currently holds headquarters at Maxwell AFB.
The USAF Reserve 908th Airlift Wing and 357th Airlift Squadron are based on Maxwell AFB. The 357 AS operates 8 C-130H aircraft.
The Department of Defense has proposed a major realignment of the base as part of the Base Realignment and Closure program announced on May 13, 2005.
History
Toward the end of February 1910, the Wright Brothers decided to open one of the world’s earliest flying schools at the site that would subsequently become Maxwell Air Force Base (AFB). The Wrights taught the principles of flying, which included take-offs, balancing, turns, and landings. The first recorded heavier-than-air night flights in aviation history occurred at the Alabama field on 25 May 1910. Two days later the Wright brothers directed the closing of the school.
The field served as a repair depot during World War I. In fact, the depot built the first plane made in Montgomery and exhibited it at the field on 20 September 1918. Repair activity at the depot was sharply curtailed at the end of the war. The field went through several name changes, but finally, on 8 November 1922, the War Department redesignated the depot as Maxwell Field. The depot’s first official flying mission was carried out until after that. Observation missions where flown from there between 1927 and 1929. Pilots from the field were also involved in completing the first leg of a test designed to establish an airmail route between the Gulf Coast and the northern Great Lakes area. The test was a success and played a major role in the eventual establishment of permanent airmail service in the southeast.
In March 1929, personnel at Maxwell provided flood relief to citizens of Montgomery. This was the first time that food and supplies had been airdropped by US military forces during a major civilian emergency.
One of the school’s notable achievements was its development of two aerial acrobatic teams: the Flying Trapezers in 1932 and the Skylarks in 1935. In 1940, it was announced that the installation was to be converted into a pilot training center. During following years, Maxwell was home to six different schools that trained US military aviators and their support teams for wartime service. As World War II progressed, the number of required pilot trainees declined, and the Army Air Forces decided not to send more aircrew trainees to Maxwell Field. However, in July 1943 the Army Air Forces announced the a specialized four-engine pilot school. The first B-24 Liberator landed at the field late that month. Early in 1945, B-29 Superfortress bomber training replaced the B-24 program.
The Air University. a college for U.S. Air Force officers, was established at Maxwell in 1946. It continues to this day to be the main focus of base activities.
Base Realignement and Closure, 2005
The Department of Defense has proposed a major realignment of the base as part of the Base Realignment and Closure program announced on May 13, 2005.
External links
- [http://www.maxwell.af.mil/ Official website (Source for History)]
- [http://www.defenselink.mil/news/May2005/20050513_1081.html BRAC 2005: Closings, Realignments to Reshape Infrastructure]
Category:United States Air Force bases Category:United States Air Force bases
Category:Montgomery County, Alabama
Alabama
Alabama is a state located in the Southern United States.
History
Main article: History of Alabama
The memory of the Native American presence is particularly strong in Alabama. Among Native American people once living in present Alabama were Alabama (Alibamu), Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, and Mobile. Trade with the Northeast via the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC-A.D. 700) and continued until European contact. Meso-American influence is evident in the agrarian Mississippian culture that followed.
The French established the first European settlement in the state with the establishment of Mobile in 1702. Southern Alabama was French from 1702–1763, part of British West Florida from 1763–1780, and part of Spanish West Florida from 1780–1814. Northern and central Alabama was part of British Georgia from 1763–1783 and part of the American Mississippi territory thereafter. Its statehood delayed by the lack of a coastline (rectified when Andrew Jackson captured Spanish Mobile in 1814), Alabama became the 22nd state in 1819.
The state of Alabama seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861 and became the Alabama Republic and on February 18 1861 became a Confederate state. While not many battles were fought in the state, it contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the Civil War. After the war a provisional government was set up in 1865 and Alabama was officially readmitted to the Union on July 14 1868.
The cradle of the Confederacy during the Civil War, Alabama was at stage center in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.
Law and government
Main article: Law and Government of Alabama
Local & County Government
Alabama has 67 counties, each having its own elected legislative branch, usually called the Board of Commissioners, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Due to the restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution, all but 7 counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no home rule. Instead, most counties in the state have to lobby to the Local Legislation Committee the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.
Political Climate
The current governor of the state is Bob Riley and the two U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby (all three from the Republican Party). The current Alabama Constitution was adopted in 1901.
During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1877, the Reconstruction period ended with the recognition of Rutherford B. Hayes as President-elect. White Southerners assumed control of the government and passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise black residents. The state became part of the "Solid South," a one-party system in which the Democratic Party became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally no Republican challenger running.
From 1876 through 1956, Alabama supported only Democratic presidential candidates, by margins as high as 73 percentage points. In 1960, Alabama gave most of its electoral votes to racist candidate Harry F. Byrd. In 1964, the national Republican Party began to win more votes in the South by following a "Southern Strategy" which emphasized "states' rights" and the increasing liberalism of the national Democratic Party. The first such candidate was conservative Barry Goldwater, who became the first Republican candidate supported by Alabama. In 1968, Alabama supported native son and American Independent Party (Segregationist) candidate George Wallace.
The last Democratic candidate to win Alabama's votes in a presidential election was Southerner Jimmy Carter in 1976. Today, the Republican party has become increasingly dominant in conservative Alabama politics. However, in local politics, Democrats still control many offices, including majorities in both houses of the Legislature, and registered Democrats outnumber Republicans in the state. In 2004, George W. Bush won Alabama's nine electoral votes by a margin of 25 percentage points with 62.5% of the vote. The only 11 counties voting Democratic were Black Belt counties, where African Americans are in the majority.
- U.S. presidential election, 2004, in Alabama
Geography
Main article: Geography of Alabama
Geography of Alabama
Alabama is the 30th largest state in the United States with 135,775 km2 (52,423 mi2) of total area. 3.19% of that is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second largest inland waterway system in the United States. About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general incline towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks, streams, [rivers]], mountains, and lakes. The lowest point east of the Mississippi River lies in Dekalb County along a creek cutting tower ridges, and creating Buck's Pocket State Park. Another natural wonder is "Land Bridge" the longest natural bridge span east of the Mississippi River. Alabama generally ranges in elevation from sea level at Mobile Bay, to a little more than 1800 feet or 550 meters in the Appalachian mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha.
Economy
According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2003 total gross state product was $132 billion. The per capita income for the state was $26,505 in 2003. Alabama's agricultural outputs are poultry and eggs, cattle, nursery stock, peanuts, cotton, vegetables, milk, and soybeans. Its industrial outputs are paper, lumber and wood products, mining, rubber and plastic products, transportation equipment and apparel.
Demographics
As of 2004, Alabama's population was estimated to be 4,530,182. The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal aliens (24,000).
Race and ancestry
The racial makeup of the state and comparison to the prior census:
The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama: American (17.0%), English (7.8%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scotch-Irish (2.0%). 'American' includes those reported as Native American or African American.
Religion
The major religions of Alabama:
- Christian – 92%
- Protestant – 79%
- Baptist – 49%
- Methodist – 10%
- Presbyterian – 3%
- Episcopalian – 2%
- Church of God – 2%
- Church of Christ – 2%
- Pentecostal – 2%
- Lutheran – 2%
- Other Protestant – 7%
- Catholic – 13%
- Other religions – 1%
- Non-religious – 7%
Colleges and Universities (incomplete)
Culture and interests
- Famous Alabamians
- Music of Alabama
- Alabama Public Television, state wide public TV network
- List of television stations in Alabama
- Alabama Shakespeare Festival
- U.S. Space Camp
- U.S.S. Alabama, Battleship Park
- Rickwood Field
- Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail
- Visionland Theme Park
- Vulcan statue
- Alabama Jubilee
- Point Mallard Aquatic Center
- Alabama Space and Rocket Center
Culture and interests
- Famous Alabamians
- Music of Alabama
- Alabama Public Television, state wide public TV network
- List of television stations in Alabama
- Alabama Shakespeare Festival
- U.S. Space Camp
- U.S.S. Alabama, Battleship Park
- Rickwood Field
- Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail
- Visionland Theme Park
- Vulcan statue
- Alabama Jubilee
- Point Mallard Aquatic Center
- Noccalula Falls Park
External links
- [http://alabama.gov/ Alabama.gov] - Official website.
- [http://www.touralabama.org/ TourAlabama.org] - Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel
- [http://www.archives.state.al.us/ Archives.state.al.us] - Alabama Department of Archives and History
- [http://www.archives.state.al.us/aaa.html All About Alabama] at the Archives Department site
- [http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975/coatoc.htm Code of Alabama 1975] - at the Alabama Legislature site
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html Alabama QuickFacts] from the U.S. Census Bureau
- [http://www.countymapsofalabama.com/ County Maps of Alabama] - Full color maps. List of cities, towns and county seats
Notes
¹ The phrase The Heart of Dixie is required by state law to be included on standard state license plates, but has recently been reduced to a very small size and eclipsed by the phrase Stars Fell on Alabama.
Category:States of the United States
zh-min-nan:Alabama
ko:앨라배마 주
ms:Alabama
ja:アラバマ州
simple:Alabama
th:มลรัฐแอละแบมา
Category:Military education and training in the United StatesCategory:Education in the United StatesEducation
United States National Geographic magazine
The National Geographic Society was founded in the United States on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in "organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge." They had begun discussing forming the Society two weeks earlier on January 13, 1888. Gardiner Greene Hubbard became its first president and his son-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell, eventually succeeded him. Its purpose is to advance the general knowledge of geography and the world among the general public. To this end, as one of the world's largest not-for-profit educational and scientific organizations, it sponsors and funds scientific research and exploration, and publishes as its official journal, the magazine, National Geographic, as well as other publications and products in furtherance of its mission. It also has heavy involvement in education, including an educational foundation furthering geography education.
National Geographic Magazine
geography
The National Geographic Magazine, later shortened to National Geographic, published its first issue nine months after the Society was founded. It has become one of the world's best-known magazines and is immediately identifiable by the characteristic yellow border running around the edge of its cover. This distinctive yellow border is a registered trademark of National Geographic.
The magazine consists of 12 issues per year (one per month), with occasional special edition issues. In addition to being well-known for articles about scenery, history, and the most distant corners of the world; the magazine has also long been recognized for its book-like quality and its standard of photography. This standard makes it the home to some of the highest-quality photojournalism in the world. The magazine often featured some color photography even in the early 20th century when this technology was still rare.
The magazine is also well-known for frequently providing detailed maps of regions that are visited. The Society's map archives have even been used by the United States government in instances where its own cartographic resources were limited. In 2001 National Geographic released an 8 CD-Rom set containing all its maps from 1888 to December 2000. Subscribers to the magazine frequently keep old issues (most other magazines tend to be discarded after a household uses them), and subscribers can get special cases to contain each yearly volume.
In 1960, the magazine started publishing photographs on its covers, which had previously contained only text. In subsequent years, the magazine shed its famous oak leaf trim.
One cover photo in 1985 was of an Afghan refugee, a young girl with piercing green eyes. Her image became world famous. After the US-led invasion of Afghanistan a search was conducted for the girl. She was identified in 2002 as Sharbat Gula, a Pashtun. Her story was told in the March 2003 issue of National Geographic.
In 1995, National Geographic began publishing in Japanese, its first local language edition. The magazine is now published in a number of different languages around the world, including: Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish.
In contrast to the United States, where membership in the National Geographic Society was until recently the only way to receive the magazine, the worldwide editions are sold on newsstands and via regular subscriptions.
In April 2005, an Indonesian edition began, published by Gramedia Majalah - Jakarta. A Bulgarian edition of the magazine launched in November, 2005.
Other publications
In addition to its famous flagship magazine, the Society publishes four other periodicals:
- National Geographic Kids: launched in 1975 as National Geographic World
- National Geographic Traveler: launched in 1984
- National Geographic Adventure: launched in 1999
- National Geographic Explorer: classroom magazine launched in 2001.
The Society previously published:
- The National Geographic School Bulletin, magazine similar to the National Geographic but aimed at grade school children, was published weekly during the school year from 1919 to 1975, when it was replaced by National Geographic World.
- During the 1980s and 1990s, it published a short-lived research journal.
The Society has also published maps, atlases, and numerous books.
Television
:Main article : National Geographic Channel
The National Geographic Society has also explored the use of television as a way to bring the travels of its correspondents and its educational and scientific mission into people's homes. National Geographic specials as well as television series have been shown on PBS and other networks in the United States and terrestially globally for many years. In 1997 internationally and in 2001 in the United States, the Society launched its own television network, the National Geographic Channel (NGC) for cable and satellite viewers, which has global distribution.
Support for research & projects
The Society has helped sponsor many expeditions and research projects over the years, including:
- Robert Peary and Matthew Henson - (North Pole Expedition)
- Robert Bartlett - (Arctic Exploration)
- Hiram Bingham - (Machu Picchu Excavation)
- Richard E. Byrd - (First flight over South Pole)
- Jacques-Yves Cousteau - (Undersea exploration)
- Louis and Mary Leakey - (Discovery of manlike Zinjanthropus, more than 1.75 million years old)
- Jane Goodall - (Chimpanzees)
- Mike Fay - (MegaTransect and MegaFlyover in Africa)
- Dian Fossey - (Mountain gorillas)
- Birute Galdikas - (Orangutans)
- George Bass - (Undersea archaeology - bronze age trade)
- Robert Ballard - (RMS Titanic discovery)
- Paul Sereno - (Dinosaurs)
- Spencer Wells - (The Genographic Project)
- Lee Berger - (Oldest footprints of modern humans ever found)
- Xu Xing - (Discovery of fossil dinosaurs in China that have distinct feathers)
- Ian Baker (Discovers hidden waterfall of the Tsangpo Gorge, Tibet)
- Gustavus McLeod - (First flight to the North Pole in an open-air cockpit aircraft)
The Society sponsors many socially-based projects including AINA, a Kabul-based organization dedicated to developing an independent Afghan media.
The Society also sponsors the National Geographic Bee, an annual geographic contest for American middle-school students. Every two years, it conducts an international geography competition. The most recent was held in Budapest, Hungary during the summer of 2005.
Hubbard Medal
The Hubbard Medal is awarded by the National Geographic Society for distinction in exploration, discovery, and research. The medal is named for Gardiner Greene Hubbard, first National Geographic Society president.
The Hubbard Medal has been presented 33 times in the past. Recipients include polar explorers Robert Peary in 1906, Roald Amundsen in 1907, Capt. Robert Bartlett in 1909, Sir Ernest Shackleton in 1910 and Richard E. Byrd in 1926; aviators Charles Lindbergh in 1927 and Anne Morrow Lindbergh in 1934; anthropologists Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey in 1962; Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins in 1970; anthropologist Richard Leakey in 1994; conservationist Jane Goodall in 1995; underwater explorer Robert Ballard in 1996; and balloonists Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones in 1999.
See also
- Geographic magazines
- National Geographic Inside Scoop
External links
;Official websites
:
- [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ National Geographic Online]
;Additional information
:
- [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/03/0311_020312_sharbat.html "How They Found National Geographic's 'Afghan Girl'"] (March 7, 2003)
:
- [http://www.persiangulfonline.org/ Website criticising the National Geographic on geographical names]—describes the Iranian geographic naming controversy
:
- [http://www.niacouncil.org/pressreleases/press230.asp National Geographic and the National Iranian American Council discuss the naming dispute] (NIAC press release dated December 7, 2004)
;Photos, maps, and other images
:
- [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/birth/nfor4at1.html Society's flag]
Category:American magazine companies
Category:United States magazines
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ja:アメリカ地理学協会
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